The code you provided has some logical errors and incorrect assumptions about the data. Here is a corrected version of the code: # Create a sample dataset x <- data.frame(Study_number = c(1, 1, 2, 2, 3), Vessel = c("V1", "V1", "V2", "V2", "V3"), Severity = c(0, 1, 1, 0, 1)) x$Overall_severe_disease <- NA # Apply the first condition x$Overall_severdisease <- ifelse(x$Vessel == "V1" & x$Severity == 1, 1, 0) sum(x$Overall_severdisease) # Apply the second condition x$Overall_severdisease <- ifelse(x$Vessel == "V2" & x$Severity == 1, 1, x$Overall_severdisease) sum(x$Overall_severdisease) # Apply the third condition x$Overall_severdisease <- ifelse(x$Vessel == "V3" & x$Severity == 1, 1, ifelse(x$Vessel == "V2", 1, ifelse(x$Vessel == "V1" & x$Severity == 1, 1, 0)))) sum(x$Overall_severdisease) # Apply the fourth condition x$Overall_severdisease <- ifelse(sum(x$Severity) >= 3, 1, ifelse(x$Vessel == "V2", 1, ifelse(x$Vessel == "V1" & x$Severity == 1, 1, 0)))) sum(x$Overall_severdisease) # Apply the fifth condition x$Overall_severdisease <- ifelse(sum(x$Overall_severdisease) >= 1, "Yes", "No") length(unique(x$Study_number[x$Overall_severdiseace == "Yes"])) The main issue with your original code is that you were using ddply() incorrectly.

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